November 2003 Policy Brief
University of Kansas Medicaid Intrastructure Change Evaluation Project
Number 4, November 2003
WORKING HEALTHY: GETTING THE JOB DONE
By Jean P. Hall, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
“ The reality facing many persons with significant disabilities is
that too often they are unable to obtain health insurance in the private sector
that provides
coverage of the services and supports that enable them to live independently
and enter, remain in, or rejoin the workforce. Thus, there is a need to supplement
private insurance or rely on Medicaid for necessary services and supports.”
- Jensen, Silverstein, Folkemer & Straw (2002)
When the Ticket to Work/Work Incentives Improvement Act (TW-WIIA) was passed in 1999, Congress acknowledged that the potential loss of Medicaid and/or Medicare coverage for people with disabilities who attained or increased employment was a serious disincentive to their meaningful participation in work. Medicaid Buy-In programs were offered as an option to states to extend Medicaid coverage to people with disabilities who wanted to work. Evaluation activities of the Kansas Medicaid Buy-In, Working Healthy, have demonstrated that Medicaid remains a critical element in the ability of Kansans with disabilities to work.
Satisfaction surveys sent to Working Healthy participants in June 2003 indicate
that only 9% were offered health insurance through their employers in the last
year and only 6% actually had any health insurance coverage through their employers
(n = 182). For survey participants for whom we have information about their
job types (n = 67), we know that about two-thirds have jobs within the service
or maintenance sector and an additional 15% have secretarial or clerical jobs.
The great majority (84%) of participants work 29 hours per week or less, and
more than half work 19 hours per week or less.
These statistics are remarkable because they underscore the critical gap in
insurance coverage that Working Healthy fills for people with disabilities
who want to work. Nationally, only about 25% of companies with less than 1000
employees offer any type of health insurance coverage to their part-time employees
(Gabel, Pickreign, Whitmore & Schoen, 2001). Moreover, other research demonstrates
that less than half as many low-paid workers ($7 per hour or less) have employer-sponsored
health care as higher-paid workers ($15 per hour or more; Kaiser Family Foundation,
1999). In contrast to the general public, one hundred percent of enrollees
in Working Healthy have access to health insurance through Medicaid.
The Medicaid coverage provided by Working Healthy is generally much appreciated
by participants; 83% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement “I
am able to get the medical services I need through Working Healthy.” Twenty-two
percent of respondents stated that they were better able to get the medical
services they needed since enrolling in Working Healthy.
A final illustration of the impact of Working Healthy participation is the
contrast of employment rates for enrollees versus non-enrollees. Fourty-seven
percent of the control group of people who had earned income in June 2002 but
never enrolled in Working Healthy are no longer employed. In comparison, the
great majority (> 90%) of people who have ever been enrolled in Working
Healthy are still employed.
Respondents to the Satisfaction Survey did indicate that their Medicaid coverage
through Working Healthy still has some weaknesses compared to many private
employer-based plans. For example, 15% of respondents reported that they had
difficulty finding doctors, therapists or pharmacies who accept Medicaid. Others
pointed out that they are unable to purchase coverage for their spouses, as
many employer-based plans allow, and that coverage for most dental and optical
services is not available.
Overall, though, Working Healthy is getting the job done. It is empowering
Kansans with disabilities to work without the fear of losing a vital source
of health insurance and moving them toward the goal of self-sufficiency.
WHY DO PEOPLE LEAVE WORKING HEALTHY?
KU staff mailed surveys in June and September 2003 to 100 people who had dis-enrolled
from Working Healthy to learn about their experiences with the program and
their reasons for leaving it. Thirty people returned surveys. No racial, disability
or age group was over-represented among the sample of dis-enrollees as compared
to enrollees in Working Healthy.
Spenddown
Prior to the availability of Working Healthy, many people with disabilities
had to incur substantial medical expenses before qualifying for Medicaid coverage.
This requirement is called a “spenddown,” and had been a disincentive
to working because additional earnings generally had to be applied to the spenddown
amount.
About two-thirds (62.1%) of dis-enrollees had spenddown obligations before
enrolling in Working Healthy, but only 44% of them had spenddowns after leaving
it, probably due to a decrease in their earned income. Even though people with
prior spenddown obligations often had to pay a premium for Working Healthy,
the premium was typically much less than their spenddown obligation had been,
giving them more disposable income for other living expenses.
Premiums
Forty-seven percent of dis-enrollees had paid a premium for their Working Healthy
coverage, with an average monthly premium amount of $73.00. Fifty percent of
respondents said they thought the premium they paid was about the right amount
and 43% thought it was too much. In comparison, about three-fourths of respondents
to the Satisfaction Survey—people who are still enrolled in Working Healthy—agreed
or strongly agreed that the monthly premium they pay is reasonable. Sixty-one
percent of these enrollees pay a premium, with an average of $69.00 per month.
Work and Insurance Status
Forty percent of respondents are no longer working and are therefore not eligible
for Working Healthy. Of note is the fact that only 12.5% of respondents indicated
they had stopped working because their disabilities had gotten worse. About
40% of dis-enrollees have access to insurance other than Medicaid, primarily
through Medicare.
Other Findings
One person who dis-enrolled was working for a parent and did not pay FICA taxes,
an eligibility requirement. Another dis-enrolled because he or she quit work
to go back to school. Other reasons cited for dis-enrollment included spousal
benefits issues and frustration with required paperwork. No single programmatic
feature or system shortcoming was consistently identified as a reason for leaving
the program. KU staff will continue to survey dis-enrollees to discern whether
certain groups become more likely to leave the program or if particular reasons
for leaving become more prevalent. Currently, however, it seems that the loss
of a job—whether by choice, circumstances, or disability—is the
single most common reason for leaving the program.
Overall, the dis-enrollment rate for Working Healthy through September 2003
is 14%. Data regarding dis-enrollment from other states’ buy-in programs
are limited, but Wisconsin reports a dis-enrollment rate of about 20% (Innovative
Resource Group, 2002) and approximately 40% of enrollees in Maine’s Buy-In
have left the program (Salley & Glantz, 2002). In these states, high premiums,
restrictive asset limits, and paperwork difficulties were frequently cited
by participants as reasons for dis-enrolling.
REFERENCES
Gabel, J.R., Pickreign, J.D., Whitmore, H.H., & Schoen, C. (2001). Embraceable you: How employers influence health plan enrollment. Health Affairs, 20 (4), 196-208.
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (1999). Health Insurance Coverage of Low-Wage
Workers. Retrieved November 7, 2003, http:// www.kff.org/content/1999/2135/ healthinscvgoflowwageworkersfactsheet.pdf.
Innovative Resource Group. (2002). Medicaid Purchase Plan Evaluation Report.
Madison, WI: Author.
Jensen, A., Silverstein, R., Folkemer, D., & Straw, T. (2002). Policy Frameworks for Designing Medicaid Buy-In Programs and Related State Work Incentive Initiatives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 10, 2003, http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/polframe.htm.
Salley, S.T. & Glantz, L. (2002). The MaineCare Option for Workers with Disabilities:
A survey of past and present enrollees. Portland, ME: University of Southern
Maine Institute for Health Policy.
This Policy Brief is published by the KU-CRL Division of Adult Studies in cooperation with the Kansas Division of Health Policy and Finance. The Policy Brief and other information regarding the Working Healthy program can be found online at http://www.workinghealthy.org
Additional copies and copies in alternate formats are available upon request by calling
1-800-449-1439 or emailing pixie@ku.edu
KU Research Team
Jean P. Hall, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
Noelle K. Kurth, M.S., Project Coordinator
Division of Health Policy and Finance
Mary Ellen O'Brien Wright, Working Healthy Program Director
Nancy Scott, Benefits Specialist Team Leader